New research reveals that mitochondria play a crucial role in immune defense by sensing bacterial activity and triggering neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Traditionally known for energy production, mitochondria can detect lactate, a metabolic byproduct of bacteria, within phagosomes and initiate NET formation to trap and neutralize pathogens. The study highlights how impaired mitochondrial sensing, as seen in lupus patients, weakens immune responses and increases susceptibility to infection. These findings deepen our understanding of immunometabolism and suggest new therapeutic strategies that target mitochondrial signaling to modulate immune function. Far beyond powering cells, mitochondria act as immune “watchtowers,” detecting hidden microbial threats and coordinating targeted immune responses.
